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POSITIONAL OPTIONS¶

Positional options always return true. They affect only tests occurring later on
the command line.

-daystart

Measure times (for -amin, -atime, -cmin,
-ctime, -mmin, and -mtime) from the beginning of
today rather than from 24 hours ago. This option only affects tests which
appear later on the command line.

-follow

Deprecated; use the -L option instead. Dereference symbolic links.
Implies -noleaf. The -follow option affects only those tests
which appear after it on the command line. Unless the -H or
-L option has been specified, the position of the -follow
option changes the behaviour of the -newer predicate; any files
listed as the argument of -newer will be dereferenced if they are
symbolic links. The same consideration applies to -newerXY,
-anewer and -cnewer. Similarly, the -type predicate
will always match against the type of the file that a symbolic link points
to rather than the link itself. Using -follow causes the -lname
and -ilname predicates always to return false.

-regextype type

Changes the regular expression syntax understood by -regex and
-iregex tests which occur later on the command line. To see which
regular expression types are known, use -regextype help. The
Texinfo documentation (see SEE ALSO) explains the meaning of
and differences between the various types of regular expression.

-warn, -nowarn

Turn warning messages on or off. These warnings apply only to the command
line usage, not to any conditions that find might encounter when it
searches directories. The default behaviour corresponds to -warn if
standard input is a tty, and to -nowarn otherwise. If a warning
message relating to command-line usage is produced, the exit status of
find is not affected. If the POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable
is set, and -warn is also used, it is not specified which, if any,
warnings will be active.

GLOBAL OPTIONS¶

Global options always return true. Global options take effect even for tests
which occur earlier on the command line. To prevent confusion, global options
should specified on the command-line after the list of start points, just
before the first test, positional option or action. If you specify a global
option in some other place, find will issue a warning message
explaining that this can be confusing.

The global options occur after the list of start points, and so
are not the same kind of option as -L, for example.

-d

A synonym for -depth, for compatibility with FreeBSD, NetBSD, MacOS X and
OpenBSD.

-depth

Process each directory’s contents before the directory itself. The -delete
action also implies -depth.

-help, —help

Print a summary of the command-line usage of find and exit.

-ignore_readdir_race

Normally, find will emit an error message when it fails to stat a
file. If you give this option and a file is deleted between the time
find reads the name of the file from the directory and the time it
tries to stat the file, no error message will be issued. This also applies
to files or directories whose names are given on the command line. This
option takes effect at the time the command line is read, which means that
you cannot search one part of the filesystem with this option on and part
of it with this option off (if you need to do that, you will need to issue
two find commands instead, one with the option and one without it).

Furthermore, find with the -ignore_readdir_race
option will ignore errors of the -delete action in the case the
file has disappeared since the parent directory was read: it will not
output an error diagnostic, and the return code of the -delete
action will be true.

-maxdepth levels

Descend at most levels (a non-negative integer) levels of
directories below the starting-points. -maxdepth 0 means only apply
the tests and actions to the starting-points themselves.

-mindepth levels

Do not apply any tests or actions at levels less than levels (a
non-negative integer). -mindepth 1 means process all files except
the starting-points.

-mount

Don’t descend directories on other filesystems. An alternate name for
-xdev, for compatibility with some other versions of find.

-noignore_readdir_race

Turns off the effect of -ignore_readdir_race.

-noleaf

Do not optimize by assuming that directories contain 2 fewer
subdirectories than their hard link count. This option is needed when
searching filesystems that do not follow the Unix directory-link
convention, such as CD-ROM or MS-DOS filesystems or AFS volume mount
points. Each directory on a normal Unix filesystem has at least 2 hard
links: its name and its `.’ entry. Additionally, its subdirectories (if
any) each have a `..’ entry linked to that directory. When find is
examining a directory, after it has statted 2 fewer subdirectories than
the directory’s link count, it knows that the rest of the entries in the
directory are non-directories (`leaf’ files in the directory tree). If
only the files’ names need to be examined, there is no need to stat them;
this gives a significant increase in search speed.

-version, —version

Print the find version number and exit.

-xdev

Don’t descend directories on other filesystems.

TESTS¶

Some tests, for example -newerXY and -samefile, allow comparison
between the file currently being examined and some reference file specified on
the command line. When these tests are used, the interpretation of the
reference file is determined by the options -H, -L and -P
and any previous -follow, but the reference file is only examined once,
at the time the command line is parsed. If the reference file cannot be
examined (for example, the stat(2) system call fails for it), an error
message is issued, and find exits with a nonzero status.

Numeric arguments can be specified as

+n

for greater than n,

-n

for less than n,

n

for exactly n.

-amin n

File was last accessed n minutes ago.

-anewer file

File was last accessed more recently than file was modified. If
file is a symbolic link and the -H option or the -L
option is in effect, the access time of the file it points to is always
used.

-atime n

File was last accessed n*24 hours ago. When find figures out how
many 24-hour periods ago the file was last accessed, any fractional part
is ignored, so to match -atime +1, a file has to have been
accessed at least two days ago.

-cmin n

File’s status was last changed n minutes ago.

-cnewer file

File’s status was last changed more recently than file was
modified. If file is a symbolic link and the -H option or
the -L option is in effect, the status-change time of the file it
points to is always used.

-ctime n

File’s status was last changed n*24 hours ago. See the comments for
-atime to understand how rounding affects the interpretation of
file status change times.

-empty

File is empty and is either a regular file or a directory.

-executable

Matches files which are executable and directories which are searchable
(in a file name resolution sense) by the current user. This takes into
account access control lists and other permissions artefacts which the
-perm test ignores. This test makes use of the access(2)
system call, and so can be fooled by NFS servers which do UID mapping (or
root-squashing), since many systems implement access(2) in the
client’s kernel and so cannot make use of the UID mapping information held
on the server. Because this test is based only on the result of the
access(2) system call, there is no guarantee that a file for which
this test succeeds can actually be executed.

-false

Always false.

-fstype type

File is on a filesystem of type type. The valid filesystem types
vary among different versions of Unix; an incomplete list of filesystem
types that are accepted on some version of Unix or another is: ufs, 4.2,
4.3, nfs, tmp, mfs, S51K, S52K. You can use -printf with the %F
directive to see the types of your filesystems.

-gid n

File’s numeric group ID is n.

-group gname

File belongs to group gname (numeric group ID allowed).

-ilname pattern

Like -lname, but the match is case insensitive. If the -L
option or the -follow option is in effect, this test returns false
unless the symbolic link is broken.

-iname pattern

Like -name, but the match is case insensitive. For example, the
patterns `fo*’ and `F??’ match the file names `Foo’, `FOO’, `foo’, `fOo’,
etc. The pattern `*foo*` will also match a file called ‘.foobar’.

-inum n

File has inode number n. It is normally easier to use the
-samefile test instead.

-ipath pattern

Like -path. but the match is case insensitive.

-iregex pattern

Like -regex, but the match is case insensitive.

-iwholename pattern

See -ipath. This alternative is less portable than -ipath.

-links n

File has n hard links.

-lname pattern

File is a symbolic link whose contents match shell pattern pattern.
The metacharacters do not treat `/’ or `.’ specially. If the -L
option or the -follow option is in effect, this test returns false
unless the symbolic link is broken.

-mmin n

File’s data was last modified n minutes ago.

-mtime n

File’s data was last modified n*24 hours ago. See the comments for
-atime to understand how rounding affects the interpretation of
file modification times.

-name pattern

Base of file name (the path with the leading directories removed) matches
shell pattern pattern. Because the leading directories are removed,
the file names considered for a match with -name will never include
a slash, so `-name a/b’ will never match anything (you probably need to
use -path instead). A warning is issued if you try to do this,
unless the environment variable POSIXLY_CORRECT is set. The metacharacters
(`*’, `?’, and `[]’) match a `.’ at the start of the base name (this is a
change in findutils-4.2.2; see section STANDARDS CONFORMANCE below). To
ignore a directory and the files under it, use -prune; see an
example in the description of -path. Braces are not recognised as
being special, despite the fact that some shells including Bash imbue
braces with a special meaning in shell patterns. The filename matching is
performed with the use of the fnmatch(3) library function. Don’t
forget to enclose the pattern in quotes in order to protect it from
expansion by the shell.

-newer file

File was modified more recently than file. If file is a
symbolic link and the -H option or the -L option is in
effect, the modification time of the file it points to is always used.

-newerXY reference

Succeeds if timestamp X of the file being considered is newer than
timestamp Y of the file reference. The letters X and
Y can be any of the following letters:

a	The access time of the file reference
B	The birth time of the file reference
c	The inode status change time of reference
m	The modification time of the file reference
t	reference is interpreted directly as a time

Some combinations are invalid; for example, it is invalid for
X to be t. Some combinations are not implemented on all
systems; for example B is not supported on all systems. If an
invalid or unsupported combination of XY is specified, a fatal
error results. Time specifications are interpreted as for the argument
to the -d option of GNU date. If you try to use the birth
time of a reference file, and the birth time cannot be determined, a
fatal error message results. If you specify a test which refers to the
birth time of files being examined, this test will fail for any files
where the birth time is unknown.

-nogroup

No group corresponds to file’s numeric group ID.

-nouser

No user corresponds to file’s numeric user ID.

-path pattern

File name matches shell pattern pattern. The metacharacters do not
treat `/’ or `.’ specially; so, for example,

find . -path «./sr*sc»

will print an entry for a directory called `./src/misc’ (if one exists). To
ignore a whole directory tree, use -prune rather than checking
every file in the tree. For example, to skip the directory `src/emacs’ and
all files and directories under it, and print the names of the other files
found, do something like this:

find . -path ./src/emacs -prune -o -print

Note that the pattern match test applies to the whole file name, starting
from one of the start points named on the command line. It would only make
sense to use an absolute path name here if the relevant start point is
also an absolute path. This means that this command will never match
anything:

find bar -path /foo/bar/myfile -print

Find compares the -path argument with the concatenation of a
directory name and the base name of the file it’s examining. Since the
concatenation will never end with a slash, -path arguments ending
in a slash will match nothing (except perhaps a start point specified on
the command line). The predicate -path is also supported by HP-UX
find and is part of the POSIX 2008 standard.

-perm mode

File’s permission bits are exactly mode (octal or symbolic). Since
an exact match is required, if you want to use this form for symbolic
modes, you may have to specify a rather complex mode string. For example
`-perm g=w’ will only match files which have mode 0020 (that is, ones for
which group write permission is the only permission set). It is more
likely that you will want to use the `/’ or `-‘ forms, for example `-perm
-g=w’, which matches any file with group write permission. See the
EXAMPLES section for some illustrative examples.

-perm —mode

All of the permission bits mode are set for the file. Symbolic
modes are accepted in this form, and this is usually the way in which you
would want to use them. You must specify `u’, `g’ or `o’ if you use a
symbolic mode. See the EXAMPLES section for some illustrative
examples.

-perm /mode

Any of the permission bits mode are set for the file. Symbolic
modes are accepted in this form. You must specify `u’, `g’ or `o’ if you
use a symbolic mode. See the EXAMPLES section for some illustrative
examples. If no permission bits in mode are set, this test matches
any file (the idea here is to be consistent with the behaviour of
-perm -000).

-perm +mode

This is no longer supported (and has been deprecated since 2005). Use
-perm /mode instead.

-readable

Matches files which are readable by the current user. This takes into
account access control lists and other permissions artefacts which the
-perm test ignores. This test makes use of the access(2)
system call, and so can be fooled by NFS servers which do UID mapping (or
root-squashing), since many systems implement access(2) in the
client’s kernel and so cannot make use of the UID mapping information held
on the server.

-regex pattern

File name matches regular expression pattern. This is a match on
the whole path, not a search. For example, to match a file named
`./fubar3′, you can use the regular expression `.*bar.’ or `.*b.*3′, but
not `f.*r3′. The regular expressions understood by find are by
default Emacs Regular Expressions (except that `.’ matches newline), but
this can be changed with the -regextype option.

-samefile name

File refers to the same inode as name. When -L is in effect,
this can include symbolic links.

-size n[cwbkMG]

File uses n units of space, rounding up. The following suffixes can
be used:

The size is simply the st_size member of the struct stat populated by the
lstat (or stat) system call, rounded up as shown above. In other words,
it’s consistent with the result you get for ls -l. Bear in mind
that the `%k’ and `%b’ format specifiers of -printf handle sparse
files differently. The `b’ suffix always denotes 512-byte blocks and never
1024-byte blocks, which is different to the behaviour of -ls.

The + and — prefixes signify greater than and less than, as usual; i.e.,
an exact size of n units does not match. Bear in mind that the size
is rounded up to the next unit. Therefore -size -1M is not
equivalent to -size -1048576c. The former only matches empty files,
the latter matches files from 0 to 1,048,575 bytes.

-true

Always true.

-type c

File is of type c:

To search for more than one type at once, you can supply the combined list
of type letters separated by a comma `,’ (GNU extension).

-uid n

File’s numeric user ID is n.

-used n

File was last accessed n days after its status was last changed.

-user uname

File is owned by user uname (numeric user ID allowed).

-wholename pattern

See -path. This alternative is less portable than -path.

-writable

Matches files which are writable by the current user. This takes into
account access control lists and other permissions artefacts which the
-perm test ignores. This test makes use of the access(2)
system call, and so can be fooled by NFS servers which do UID mapping (or
root-squashing), since many systems implement access(2) in the
client’s kernel and so cannot make use of the UID mapping information held
on the server.

-xtype c

The same as -type unless the file is a symbolic link. For symbolic
links: if the -H or -P option was specified, true if the
file is a link to a file of type c; if the -L option has
been given, true if c is `l’. In other words, for symbolic links,
-xtype checks the type of the file that -type does not
check.

-context pattern

(SELinux only) Security context of the file matches glob pattern.

ACTIONS¶

-delete

Delete files; true if removal succeeded. If the removal failed, an error
message is issued. If -delete fails, find‘s exit status will
be nonzero (when it eventually exits). Use of -delete automatically
turns on the `-depth‘ option.

Warnings: Don’t forget that the find command line is
evaluated as an expression, so putting -delete first will make
find try to delete everything below the starting points you
specified. When testing a find command line that you later intend
to use with -delete, you should explicitly specify -depth
in order to avoid later surprises. Because -delete implies
-depth, you cannot usefully use -prune and -delete
together.

Together with the -ignore_readdir_race option,
find will ignore errors of the -delete action in the case
the file has disappeared since the parent directory was read: it will
not output an error diagnostic, and the return code of the
-delete action will be true.

-exec command ;

Execute command; true if 0 status is returned. All following
arguments to find are taken to be arguments to the command until an
argument consisting of `;’ is encountered. The string `{}’ is replaced by
the current file name being processed everywhere it occurs in the
arguments to the command, not just in arguments where it is alone, as in
some versions of find. Both of these constructions might need to be
escaped (with a `’) or quoted to protect them from expansion by the
shell. See the EXAMPLES section for examples of the use of the
-exec option. The specified command is run once for each matched
file. The command is executed in the starting directory. There are
unavoidable security problems surrounding use of the -exec action;
you should use the -execdir option instead.

-exec command {} +

This variant of the -exec action runs the specified command on the
selected files, but the command line is built by appending each selected
file name at the end; the total number of invocations of the command will
be much less than the number of matched files. The command line is built
in much the same way that xargs builds its command lines. Only one
instance of `{}’ is allowed within the command, and (when find is
being invoked from a shell) it should be quoted (for example, ‘{}’) to
protect it from interpretation by shells. The command is executed in the
starting directory. If any invocation with the `+’ form returns a non-zero
value as exit status, then find returns a non-zero exit status. If
find encounters an error, this can sometimes cause an immediate
exit, so some pending commands may not be run at all. This variant of
-exec always returns true.

-execdir command ;

-execdir command {} +

Like -exec, but the specified command is run from the subdirectory
containing the matched file, which is not normally the directory in which
you started find. As with -exec, the {} should be quoted if find is
being invoked from a shell. This a much more secure method for invoking
commands, as it avoids race conditions during resolution of the paths to
the matched files. As with the -exec action, the `+’ form of
-execdir will build a command line to process more than one matched
file, but any given invocation of command will only list files that
exist in the same subdirectory. If you use this option, you must ensure
that your $PATH environment variable does not reference `.’;
otherwise, an attacker can run any commands they like by leaving an
appropriately-named file in a directory in which you will run
-execdir. The same applies to having entries in $PATH which
are empty or which are not absolute directory names. If any invocation
with the `+’ form returns a non-zero value as exit status, then
find returns a non-zero exit status. If find encounters an
error, this can sometimes cause an immediate exit, so some pending
commands may not be run at all. The result of the action depends on
whether the + or the ; variant is being used;
-execdir command {} + always returns true, while
-execdir command {} ; returns true only if
command returns 0.

-fls file

True; like -ls but write to file like -fprint. The
output file is always created, even if the predicate is never matched. See
the UNUSUAL FILENAMES section for information about how unusual
characters in filenames are handled.

-fprint file

True; print the full file name into file file. If file does
not exist when find is run, it is created; if it does exist, it is
truncated. The file names `/dev/stdout’ and `/dev/stderr’ are handled
specially; they refer to the standard output and standard error output,
respectively. The output file is always created, even if the predicate is
never matched. See the UNUSUAL FILENAMES section for information
about how unusual characters in filenames are handled.

-fprint0 file

True; like -print0 but write to file like -fprint.
The output file is always created, even if the predicate is never matched.
See the UNUSUAL FILENAMES section for information about how unusual
characters in filenames are handled.

-fprintf file format

True; like -printf but write to file like -fprint.
The output file is always created, even if the predicate is never matched.
See the UNUSUAL FILENAMES section for information about how unusual
characters in filenames are handled.

-ls

True; list current file in ls -dils format on standard output. The
block counts are of 1 KB blocks, unless the environment variable
POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, in which case 512-byte blocks are used. See the
UNUSUAL FILENAMES section for information about how unusual
characters in filenames are handled.

-ok command ;

Like -exec but ask the user first. If the user agrees, run the
command. Otherwise just return false. If the command is run, its standard
input is redirected from /dev/null.

The response to the prompt is matched against a pair of regular
expressions to determine if it is an affirmative or negative response.
This regular expression is obtained from the system if the
`POSIXLY_CORRECT’ environment variable is set, or otherwise from
find‘s message translations. If the system has no suitable
definition, find‘s own definition will be used. In either case, the
interpretation of the regular expression itself will be affected by the
environment variables ‘LC_CTYPE’ (character classes) and ‘LC_COLLATE’
(character ranges and equivalence classes).

-okdir command ;

Like -execdir but ask the user first in the same way as for
-ok. If the user does not agree, just return false. If the command
is run, its standard input is redirected from /dev/null.

-print

True; print the full file name on the standard output, followed by a
newline. If you are piping the output of find into another program
and there is the faintest possibility that the files which you are
searching for might contain a newline, then you should seriously consider
using the -print0 option instead of -print. See the
UNUSUAL FILENAMES section for information about how unusual
characters in filenames are handled.

-print0

True; print the full file name on the standard output, followed by a null
character (instead of the newline character that -print uses). This
allows file names that contain newlines or other types of white space to
be correctly interpreted by programs that process the find output.
This option corresponds to the -0 option of xargs.

-printf format

True; print format on the standard output, interpreting `’ escapes
and `%’ directives. Field widths and precisions can be specified as with
the `printf’ C function. Please note that many of the fields are printed
as %s rather than %d, and this may mean that flags don’t work as you might
expect. This also means that the `-‘ flag does work (it forces fields to
be left-aligned). Unlike -print, -printf does not add a
newline at the end of the string. The escapes and directives are:

-prune

True; if the file is a directory, do not descend into it. If -depth
is given, false; no effect. Because -delete implies -depth,
you cannot usefully use -prune and -delete together.

-quit

Exit immediately. No child processes will be left running, but no more
paths specified on the command line will be processed. For example,
find /tmp/foo /tmp/bar -print -quit will print only
/tmp/foo. Any command lines which have been built up with
-execdir … {} + will be invoked before find exits. The
exit status may or may not be zero, depending on whether an error has
already occurred.

OPERATORS¶

Listed in order of decreasing precedence:

( expr )

Force precedence. Since parentheses are special to the shell, you will
normally need to quote them. Many of the examples in this manual page use
backslashes for this purpose: `(…)’ instead of `(…)’.

! expr

True if expr is false. This character will also usually need
protection from interpretation by the shell.

-not expr

Same as ! expr, but not POSIX compliant.

expr1 expr2

Two expressions in a row are taken to be joined with an implied -a;
expr2 is not evaluated if expr1 is false.

expr1 -a expr2

Same as expr1 expr2.

expr1 -and expr2

Same as expr1 expr2, but not POSIX compliant.

expr1 -o expr2

Or; expr2 is not evaluated if expr1 is true.

expr1 -or expr2

Same as expr1 -o expr2, but not POSIX compliant.

expr1 , expr2

List; both expr1 and expr2 are always evaluated. The value
of expr1 is discarded; the value of the list is the value of
expr2. The comma operator can be useful for searching for several
different types of thing, but traversing the filesystem hierarchy only
once. The -fprintf action can be used to list the various matched
items into several different output files.

Please note that -a when specified implicitly (for example
by two tests appearing without an explicit operator between them) or
explicitly has higher precedence than -o. This means that find .
-name afile -o -name bfile -print will never print afile.

Operator precedence surprises¶

The command find . -name afile -o -name bfile -print will never print
afile because this is actually equivalent to find . -name afile -o
( -name bfile -a -print ). Remember that the precedence of -a is
higher than that of -o and when there is no operator specified between
tests, -a is assumed.

“paths must precede expression” error message¶

$ find . -name *.c -print
find: paths must precede expression
find: possible unquoted pattern after predicate `-name'?

This happens when the shell could expand the pattern *.c to
more than one file name existing in the current directory, and passing the
resulting file names in the command line to find like this:

find . -name frcode.c locate.c word_io.c -print

That command is of course not going to work, because the -name predicate
allows exactly only one pattern as argument. Instead of doing things this way,
you should enclose the pattern in quotes or escape the wildcard, thus allowing
find to use the pattern with the wildcard during the search for file
name matching instead of file names expanded by the parent shell:

$ find . -name '*.c' -print
$ find . -name *.c -print